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TO JOIN, OR NOT TO JOIN? NUPI has led a review on the possible impications and consequences for Norway joining the potential TTIP agreement between EU and the USA. The report was handed over to Monica Mæland, Minister og Trade and Industry, on 2 November.

Foto: Christof Echard/EC audiovisual service

Research project

TTIP – implications and options for Norway

NUPI has, jointly with other research groups in Norway and abroad, analyzed the consequences for Norway of a free trade agreement between the EU and the USA (TTIP – Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership).

Themes

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • Europe
  • North America
  • The EU

Events

This project was announced by the Ministry of Trade and Fisheries with call deadline in February, and a consortium led by NUPI was later been awarded the project. The project has had a budget of 3 million NOK.

TTIP raised issues about how Norway as a small country can adapt to the international race for free trade agreements (FTAs), and e.g. whether Norway’s agriculture has to be liberalized if we are to obtain the FTAs we need in order to safeguard the interest of Norwegian export industries. The project is an important input into the debate and decision-making on Norway’s choices.

The main project report was presented to the Minister of Trade, Industry and Fisheries Monica Mæland at a NUPI seminar on 2 November 2016.

The Norwegian version has the title TTIP og Norge: Virkninger og handlingsvalg and is available here. A slightly updated version is also available at this link.

An English version of the project report was published 20 December 2016 and has the title TTIP and Norway: Impact and trade policy options.

The project has been implemented by an inter-disciplinary research team:

  • NUPI has lead the project and undertake analysis in the economic, judicial and political science areas.
  • Ifo Institute at the University of Munich has carried out economic model analysis of TTIP and related agreements involving Norway. 
  • NIBIO has analyzed the consequences for Norwegian agriculture and food industry of TTIP and related agreements involving Norway.
  • Menon Business Economics has analyzed trade in services in the context of relevant trade agreements.
  • Researchers at the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo has jointly with NUPI addressed legal aspects of TTIP and Norwegian agreement options, including issues of state-investor dispute settlement (ISDS).

Project Manager

Arne Melchior
Senior Research Fellow

Participants

Christophe Hillion
Former employee (part time)
Hege Medin
Senior Research Fellow (part time)
Ulf Sverdrup
Former Director

Articles

News
News

Considerable gain with TTIP

If Norway chooses to join the potential trade agreement between USA and the EU (TTIP), this will gain Norwegian economy considerably, according to a report on TTIP that was published on Wednesday.

  • International economics
  • Economic growth
  • Trade
  • Europe
  • North America
  • The EU
Bildet viser amerikanske flagg og EU-flagg

New publications

Publications
Publications
Report

TTIP og Norge: Virkninger og handlingsvalg

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International investments
  • Globalisation
  • Regional integration
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • North America
  • The EU
  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International investments
  • Globalisation
  • Regional integration
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • North America
  • The EU
Publications
Publications
Report

TTIP and Norway: Impact and trade policy options

This study analyzes TTIP, its implications for Norway and Norway’s trade policy choices. TTIP will hardly be concluded under Obama's presidency, but the agreement could become a reality within a few years. TTIP aims at comprehensive cooperation in the regulatory area. In the short term there will be limited harmonization of standards but regulatory cooperation between different systems. In the long term, the goal is stronger cooperation in the regulatory area. TTIP will from what we know not lead to a lowering of European health regulations or a "race to the bottom". If TTIP is realized and Norway remains outside, the EEA Agreement will be little affected and the overall economic impact is moderate. If Norway joins TTIP, there will be a significant real income gain, with estimates ranging from 2236 to 6772 NOK per capita in the various scenarios. There is considerable variation across sectors. With Norway outside TTIP there will be a moderate negative impact for a majority of the sectors, especially some manufacturing sectors that face tougher competition in the EU and USA export markets. The oil industry will benefit from increased demand and higher prices. If Norway joins TTIP, a clear majority of industries will benefit; especially business services and a number of other service industries. The public sector gains from TTIP, mainly due to cheaper inputs. TTIP will contribute to the dismantling of import protection for Norwegian agriculture and without compensating measures, production and employment will be reduced. TTIP will still allow some import protection and this margin of maneuver, which depends on future negotiations, is important for the outcome. With a larger margin of manoeuvre and unchanged budgetarty support, most of Norway’s agriculture can be maintained. With less margin of manoeuvre, it will be more challenging. Norwegian accession to TTIP may occur in the form of a standard trade agreement in which Norway or EFTA are formally equal to the EU and the United States. Alternatively, Norway may participate in a European pillar as in today's "Open Skies" agreement on air traffic. If TTIP succeeds in establishing comprehensive regulatory cooperation, the latter solution is most likely. Such a solution implies that Norway will become more closely integrated with the European Union also in trade policy towards third countries. Norwegian entry into TTIP implies that we have to accept the established rules and negotiate bilaterally with the EU and the USA on market access. The negotiations with the USA will apply to all aspects of market access, while negotiations with the EU will apply only to areas in which the EEA agreement is not already deeper. The negotiations with the EU for TTIP entry will thus include, among other issues, tariffs for seafood and agriculture. As an alternative to membership in TTIP, Norway or EFTA may initiate a trade agreement with the USA. Such an agreement would likely be less extensive in the regulatory area. Such an agreement will also provide an economic gain for Norway, but less than accession to TTIP. For Norway as a whole, accession to TTIP creates a real income gain between 12.5 and 35 billion NOK according to various scenarios, while a free trade agreement with the United States results in a gain of about 7.4 billion NOK. TTIP also includes negotiations on so-called Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS), whereby foreign-owned companies can sue a state if they are unfairly or inappropriately treated. Such rights also exist in national law but international tribunals have to some extent extended the interpretation of what is considered unfair. The European Union has proposed a solution in TTIP with a permanent court as well as rules that discipline the interpretation of the principles, and thus avoids that ISDS unduly interferes into the states’ "right to regulate". This and many other issues are analysed in this report and six background papers.

  • International economics
  • Economic growth
  • Trade
  • International investments
  • Globalisation
  • Regional integration
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • North America
  • The EU
  • International economics
  • Economic growth
  • Trade
  • International investments
  • Globalisation
  • Regional integration
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • North America
  • The EU
Publications
Publications
Report

Norges plass i partnerskapet mellom EU og USA – institusjonelle og regulatoriske aspekter

Abstract Det følgende omfatter to delrapporter som tjener som underlagsmateriale for sammenfatningene i hovedrapporten TTIP og Norge: Virkninger og handlingsvalg; henholdsvis delrapport I: Norsk deltakelse i handels-partnerskapet mellom EU og USA og delrapport II: Investeringsbeskyttelse og investor-stat tvisteløsning i TTIP – implikasjoner for Norge. Rapportene behandler spørsmålet om eventuell norsk tilknytning til TTIP fra et rettslig perspektiv. Vi peker i den sammenheng på relevante konstitusjonelle problemstillinger norsk deltakelse kan komme i berøring med. Utgangspunktet for vår analyse er at Grunnloven åpner for at Norge påtar seg omfattende folkerettslige forpliktelser. Det viktige er at Stortinget vet hva det gjør og har kontroll med fremtidig utvikling. Derfor er det særlig konkret anvendelse og videreutvikling av traktatforpliktelsene som er interessant å studere nærmere fra et rettslig perspektiv. Slik dynamikk finner sted gjennom regulatorisk samarbeid som leder frem til nye forpliktelser, og ved tvisteløsning – særlig den planlagte investorstat tvisteløsningsmekanismen. Delrapportene er blitt til gjennom samarbeid oss tre imellom. Delrapport I er i hovedsak ført i pennen av Tarjei Bekkedal mens delrapport II i hovedsak er ført i pennen av Ivar Alvik.

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International economics
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

TTIP and third countries: The role of trade policy spillovers

Some recent analysis of TTIP has predicted a more positive outcome for third countries because it was assumed that that trade barrier reductions in TTIP also benefited third countries in the form of ”trade policy spillovers”. The article examines the conceptual and empirical foundation for such spillovers and concludes that they are real and a potentially important phenomenon, but current estimates related to TTIP are uncertain and need a stronger theoretical and empirical foundation. Spillovers take different forms and vary across sectors and trade policy measures, and they often reach only a subset of countries rather than the whole world. The fear of trade diversion from preferential trade agreements (PTAs) can also create ”domino effects” whereby third countries initiate new agreements. Some trade policy spillovers can be expected from TTIP, but ”domino effects” are likely more important than the global diffusion of standards. The main reason is that regulatory differences between the EU and the USA limit the scope for harmonization of standards in TTIP.

Publications
Publications
Report

TTIP – regulatory cooperation on food and health issues

Themes

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • Europe
  • North America
  • The EU

Project Manager

Arne Melchior
Senior Research Fellow

Events

Participants

Christophe Hillion
Former employee (part time)
Hege Medin
Senior Research Fellow (part time)
Ulf Sverdrup
Former Director