Randi Solhjell

Militær suksess – ingen fredsavtale

Countering ‘Malestreaming’: Integrating the Gender, Peace and Security Agenda in Peace Operations in Africa

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000) was hailed as a pioneering step in acknowledging the varied roles of women in conflict and promoting their participation in peace processes and in peace-building. Both before and after this resolution there has been pressure for integrating gender perspectives in all UN activities. This policy brief takes a critical look at the inclusion and exclusion of Resolution 1325 and the agenda of integrating gender perspectives in peace operations in Africa. ‘Gender perspectives’ are usually taken to mean adding women in these operations. Peace operations in Africa are indeed male-dominated, with on average 3% women in uniform (police and military), and about 29% international and 17% local women among the civilian staff. However, focusing solely on the number of women in peace operations is not sufficient. This brief takes up some of the more qualitative aspects of gender perspectives in these operations: gender mainstreaming and gender units. There is a potential for ensuring gender-mainstreamed approaches through these units, as well as challenges entailed by creating separate units that are de facto ‘in charge of’ gender perspectives. Rather than gender-mainstreaming, these operations often tend toward gender malestreaming: the male and masculine dominate the areas of security sector reform, including the army, strengthening of state institutions and rule of law. Gender mainstreaming is often viewed as a process that should fit in with existing structures or institutions, rather than challenging these structures which have ignored gender issues in the first place. This brief argues that the masculine discourses within such institutions (army and other state-building aspects), combined with the dilemmas of insecurity in the operative context, are central to the analysis of and bottlenecks to gender mainstreaming and gender-sensitive approaches. Gender mainstreaming and implementation of UNSC Res. 1325 will remain at the rhetorical level unless major changes are made in the masculine, militarized architecture of peace operations. It is recommended that the UN peace operations devote more time to gender mainstreaming the institution of the United Nations, as this may be the first step towards reform.

Gender-Sensitive Protection and the Responsibility to Prevent: Lessons from Chad

Turning UNSC Resolution 1325 into operational practise: A cross-country study on implementing Resolution 1325 in peacekeeping and military operations

This report focuses on the integration of gender perspectives in four peacekeeping and military operations: Norwegian participation in the ISAF in Afghanistan (Maymaneh, Fayab province), and United Nations operations in Haiti (MINUSTAH), in South Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO), and in Liberia (UNMIL). UNSC Resolution 1325 (2000) is the first resolution ever passed by the Security Council that specifically addresses the impact of war on women, and women’s contribution to conflict resolution and sustainable peace. Although the adoption of the resolution marked a substantial achievement in international politics at the executive level, practical implementation of the content of this resolution and the follow-up resolutions 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) has proven more difficult. With reference to the standards listed in the UNSC resolutions two goals in particular seem difficult to achieve: (i) the integration of gender perspectives at all levels of military and peacekeeping interventions and operations, and (ii) the participation of women in the armed forces. This report draws inspiration from the milestone report Operational Effectiveness and UN Resolution 1325 - Practices and Lessons from Afghanistan (Olsson & Tejpar, 2009). Olsson’s analytical framework (p. 20) for evaluating the representation and integration of Res. 1325 at the internal and external levels of a NATO-led and UN-led operation offers a meaningful approach to studies also beyond Afghanistan, and has been used in order to analyze the findings of this study.

“The trouble with the Congo: local violence and the failure of international peacebuilding.”

"The Complexity of Violence: A Critical Analysis of Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern"

Somewhere to Turn?: MINURCAT and the Protection of Civilians in Eastern Chad and Darfur

Gendering the Security Sector: Protecting Civilians Against Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Women and States: Norms and Hierarchies in International Society

An Honourable Exit for MINURCAT?