Kristian Lefdal
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Kristian Lefdal was a Junior Research Fellow in the Research group on Peace, Conflict, and Development (PCAD).
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Clear all filtersTrust and taxation in Zanzibar’s tourism sector
This report examines how trust shapes tax compliance in Zanzibar’s vital tourism sector, based on a survey of 316 tour operators. While most operators demonstrate a strong sense of civic duty and a high willingness to pay taxes, trust in tax authorities remains moderate. The findings highlight that compliance depends not only on enforcement, but also on clarity, fairness, and reciprocity as businesses are more likely to trust tax authorities when rules are easy to understand and when tax payments translate into visible public benefits. At the same time, the report shows that administrative complexity, unclear procedures, and unpredictable fee changes continue to challenge tour operators, with some willing to make use of informal coping strategies despite prevailing norms in favour of compliance. It concludes that improving communication, simplifying the tax system, and strengthening the perceived link between taxes and public services could play a key role in enhancing both trust and revenue collection in Zanzibar’s most important industry.
Jihadism and Social Cohesion
This is a chapter in the book 'Routledge Handbook of Social Cohesion in Africa'. This chapter explores how jihadist movements in the Sahel both erode and construct social cohesion. It demonstrates how insurgents exploit weak governance and social fragmentation while building exclusionary forms of order and authority.
Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire: Geopolitical upheaval and democracy under strain
The regional neighbourhood of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, two of West Africa’s most stable democracies, has become increasingly volatile. Drawing on empirical data from fieldwork carried out in Accra and Abidjan in June 2025, this report highlights a set of cross-cutting and interlinked issues that Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire have to navigate. This report is part of a project financed by the Norwegian MFA.
Social trust and resilience: Recent findings from Ukraine
In this seminar we will launch the NUPI Ukraine Centre and present fresh data from the first face-to-face street survey completed in Kyiv since the Russian full-scale invasion.
Kupp og kaos: Sahel i unntakstilstand
Hva er et kupp? Hvorfor er Afrika verdens mest kupputsatte kontinent? Og kanskje viktigst av alt: Hva betyr dette for de menneskene som lever der?...
Trump 2.0 og internasjonal politikk
I denne spesialrapporten har Senter for geopolitikk samlet en rekke bidrag fra forskere tilknyttet senteret, fra Fridtjof Nansen Institutt, Institutt for Forsvarsstudier, Universitetet i Oslo, UiT – Norges Arktiske Universitet og Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt. Bidragene setter søkelys på noen konkrete temaer som inntak til å forstå et USA i endring og hva det vil kunne bety for andre stater, og for utviklingen på konkrete politikkfelt. Rapporten har særlig fokus på hva disse endringene, hver for seg og samlet, betyr for Europa og Norge. En oppdatert versjon ble publisert 12.06.25, klokken 12.40.
Re-Engaging with Neighbours in a State of War and Geopolitical Tensions (RE-ENGAGE)
RE-ENGAGE’s overarching ambition is to assist the EU in refining its foreign policy toolbox, including its enlargement and neighbourhood policies. This will enhance the Union’s geopoli...