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Researcher

Arne Melchior

Senior Research Fellow Emeritus
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Contactinfo and files

arne.melchior@nupi.no
(+47) 997 91 209
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Summary

Arne Melchior’s research areas include international trade and global development; trade policy and international economic institutions; international inequality; geographical economics and regional development; Asia, India and China. Ph.D. (Dr. Polit., 1997) in economics from the University of Oslo, on international economic integration.

He has been head of the international economics group at NUPI for extended periods, and Assistant Director (3 years). Before research career: Experience from international trade negotiations as government official; including multilateral trade negotiations, and bilateral negotiations with several Asian countries. Experience from managing a large number of research projects.

Expertise

  • International economics
  • Economic growth
  • Trade
  • International investments
  • Globalisation
  • Regional integration
  • Foreign policy
  • Asia
  • International organizations

Education

1997 Dr. polit., University of Oslo, Dept. of Economics. Dissertation: On the Economics of Market Access and International Economic Integration.

1990 Cand. polit, economics, University of Bergen, Norway, specialisation in economics, thesis: On the impact of quotas on low-cost imports of clothing

1981 Certificate of Advanced European Studies, Bruges, Belgium. Specialisation: International economics.

Work Experience

1989- Research Fellow/Senior Research Fellow/Head of Department/Assistant Director at NUPI

1981-1987 Senior Executive Officer/Head of Division, Ministry of Trade and Shipping, Norway

Aktivitet

Publications
Publications
Report

WTO eller EU-medlemskap? Norsk fi skerinæring og EUs handelsregime

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International organizations
  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International organizations
Publications
Publications
Report

Aid for Trade and the Post-Washington Confusion

  • Trade
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

WTO-forhandlingene om markedsadgang for industrivarer og fisk (NAMA)

Notatet gir en oversikt over forhandlingene om markedsadgang for industrivarer i WTO, herunder fisk. I WTO forhandles om øvre grenser for tollen, såkalt bundet toll, mens landene i praksis kan ha lavere anvendt toll. 60-70% av tollen for industrivarer og fisk er bundet på verdensbasis. For et land midt på treet er bundet toll for fisk gjennomsnittlig 34%, mens den anvendte tollen er 14%. Det må derfor betydelige tollreduksjoner til for at anvendt toll skal bli mye redusert. U-landenes andel av verdenshandelen med industrivarer har økt kraftig de senere år, og noe av denne eksporten møter høy toll. U-landene står også for mer enn halvparten av verdenseksporten av fisk. Norsk sjømateksport står i dag overfor en tollbelastning på 1.1-1.4 milliarder NOK, og en vellykket WTO-runde kan kanskje bety at 3-400 millioner av dette forsvinner. På kort sikt er gevinstene størst i store og etablerte eksportmarkeder, men på sikt kan WTO-liberalisering bidra til at nye eksportmarkeder blir tilgjengelige.

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International economics
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

The Norwegian import regime for agriculture

Norway maintains one of the highest levels of protection for agriculture in the OECD, but the tariff structure is not so transparent due to the extensive use of specific tariffs, i.e. tariffs expressed in NOK/kg or the like. In this paper, we use world market prices and Norwegian import prices to calculate ad valorem equivalents of specific tariffs. This shows that 28% of the tariff lines in agriculture are above 100%, and 10% are above 300%. The average of MFN applied tariffs is in the range 73-103%, depending on the calculation method. Protection is somewhat lower (54-74%) for goods exported by developing countries. While the Least Developed Countries have zero tariffs, other developing countries obtain 10-15% tariff reductions under the GSP system of tariff preferences. Tariff rate quotas provide some increase in market access. Protection of grains and feedstuff raises the forage costs in agriculture, and especially feedstuffs are important in the exports of developing countries.

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International economics
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

GSP in the "spaghetti bowl" of trade preferences

The paper examines the relative position of GSP (tariff preferences for developing countries) compared to ordinary tariffs and free trade agreements in Norway, the EU and the USA. On average, ordinary GSP gives a tariff rebate of less than 50% in all countries. “Extended” GSP, given to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and others, implies zero tariffs in Norway and the EU, but only partial liberalisation in the USA. EU provides extended GSP for 119 countries, while the USA does so for 76 and Norway for 52. Considering the shares of trade rather than the number of countries, extended GSP covers 5% or less of total trade in all cases, and ordinary GSP is much more important. Compared to tariffs in free trade agreements, ordinary GSP is inferior in the USA and the EU, but not too far behind in Norway. This is due to recent cuts in MFN tariffs as well as improvements in the GSP system of Norway. For manufacturing, Norway has low tariffs and a generous GSP system. This is however not the case for agriculture.

  • Trade
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

The future of Norway’s GSP system

  • Trade
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

Norges tollpreferanser for import fra u-land

  • Trade
  • Trade
Publications
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

North-South Trade and Wages with Complete Specialisation : Modifying the Stolper-Samuelson Relationship

From the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, it is expected that North-South trade reduces the real wage of unskilled labour in the North. This paper questions the underlying assumption that trading countries are diversified, and examines theoretically the trade-wage link when the South is completely specialised. While it remains true that trade with the South negatively affects wages in the North, it is no longer the case that the poorer the trade partner is, the more harmful is trade for Northern wages. The negative wage impact is largest when the South has an intermediate capital-labour ratio, since it is then a more efficient producer. This also gives the largest aggregate welfare gains from trade in the North. The specialised South also gains from trade, and these gains are relatively larger, the more extreme is its factor composition. But even if the poorest countries gain from trade, capital accumulation may be more important for their welfare.

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International economics
  • Trade
Publications
Publications
Report

EFTAs frihandelsavtaler: Betydning for Norge

Norges eksport er de siste ti år blitt «globalisert» ved at en klart lavere andel går til EU, og eksporten øker til en rekke nye markeder. Det handelspolitiske forhold til land utenfor EU blir derfor viktigere. Notatet analyserer hvordan EFTAs nettverk av frihandelsavtaler bør utformes for å sikre norsk markedsadgang i disse nye markedene, der barrierene for vare- og tjenesteeksport i en del tilfeller er høye. Det har de siste år skjedd en rask akselerasjon i utbredelsen av frihandelsavtaler på verdensbasis. EFTA har i dag frihandelsavtaler med 12 land utenfor EU-25, og forhandlinger med ytterligere fem land. EFTAs avtaler og initiativer omfatter en del av de viktigste nye markeder, men også en del land der handelen er svært liten og avtalene sannsynligvis vil ha liten effekt. Flere viktige land mangler på «EFTAs liste». Hensyn til markedsadgang for eksport taler for at EFTA bør vurdere frihandelsavtaler med en del viktige land i Asia (for eksempel Japan, Sør-Korea og Kina) og Øst-Europa (Russland og Ukraina), samt i Amerika (Brasil og USA). For å unngå at frihandelsavtaler underminerer WTO, bør EFTA-landene samtidig arbeide for ikkediskriminerende handelsliberalisering i WTO, særlig ved å fjerne tollen for industrivarer.

  • International economics
  • Trade
  • International economics
  • Trade
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