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The Nordic countries

The Nordic countries are among the most affluent in the world, and represent a stabil and well-functioning part of a changing Europe.

Nordic cooperation on foreign and security policy is the core in NUPI's research on Nordic issues. Important questions are how the Nordic countries' different alliance policies affect their ability to cooperate in practice, and what possibilities the Nordic countries have as a block in international politics.
Publications
Publications
Policy brief

Norwegian-German space collaboration: A pathway to Europe

This brief examines the renewed Norwegian-German partnership in space and its strategic importance for Norwegian foreign policy and the country’s space ambitions. The analysis explores how the partnership reflects Europe's push for strategic autonomy and assesses how Norway can leverage its unique space assets to secure a stronger role in European space cooperation despite being a non-EU member. German Chancellor Friedrich Merz’s first visit to Norway at Andøya Spaceport in March 2026 kicked off a new ambition for Norwegian-German cooperation in space, with a focus on space-based surveillance, secure satellite communication, and launch capabilities from the spaceport. The partnership shows new signs of conceptualizing space as a highly cross-sectoral domain where joint capacity-building is needed. Where Germany brings industrial scale and technological breadth, Norway contributes with specialized expertise, research environments, and a unique geographic position for space activities in the High North. The partnership could strengthen Europe’s competitiveness and security, but its success will depend on navigating EU regulations governing third-country participation, ensuring long-term Norwegian investment and engagement, and establishing pathways for collaboration. The collaboration with Germany has the potential to position Norway as a leading Arctic spacefaring nation and a key partner to European in space.

  • International economics
  • Diplomacy
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • The Nordic countries
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  • International economics
  • Diplomacy
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • The Nordic countries
Publications
Publications
Scientific article

Operationalising uncertainty: The automation of threat knowledge and situational awareness

This article examines how automated technologies produce threat knowledge in pursuit of “situational awareness”. Focusing on intrusion detection systems (IDS), it argues that searching for “anomalies” represents not only a technical shift but a sociotechnical reconfiguration. Drawing on interviews with technical operators, engineers, and institutional actors involved in Norway's national IDS, the article shows that anomaly detection does not deliver the seamless oversight or predictive control often promised by automation and Machine Learning. Instead, it produces new forms of uncertainty and interpretive labour warranted by military doctrines of “total security”. By exploring the conditions under which threats become known—a situated awareness—“omniboxing” is conceptualised as a lens to unpack the production of threat knowledge where uncertainty is not eradicated but operationalised. In contrast to Latour's black box, omniboxing acknowledges that while technical operators preserve an unyielding commitment to realising “total security”, technologies are not experienced as settled or self-evident. By foregrounding the ongoing and open-ended interpretive labour of human operators, the article demonstrates how IDS are not neutral tools of detection but are active in constituting what is seen, known, and acted upon as a threat. Situational awareness, often imagined as a means of achieving omniscient oversight, is rather a reflexive and situated process, revealing cybersecurity technologies as sociotechnical configurations rather than technical objects.

  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • Cyber
  • Intelligence
  • The Nordic countries
Security dialogue_cover.jpeg
  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • Cyber
  • Intelligence
  • The Nordic countries
Event
13:15 - 14:45 Europe/Oslo
NUPI, Rosenkrantz' gate 22, OSLO
Engelsk
Event
13:15 - 14:45 Europe/Oslo
NUPI, Rosenkrantz' gate 22, OSLO
Engelsk
1. Jun 2026
Event
13:15 - 14:45 Europe/Oslo
NUPI, Rosenkrantz' gate 22, OSLO
Engelsk

Securing the north: Nordic defence cooperation across the Baltic, Arctic, and North Atlantic

What does the Northern European security landscape look like today, and what is really bringing the Nordic countries closer together on defence? In this seminar, postdoctoral fellow Gabriella Gricius visits NUPI to present her forthcoming book on just that.

Publications
Publications
Op-ed
Alf Håkon Hoel, Linda Solstrand Dahlberg

The EU and the Geopolitics of the Oceans

Norwegian Centre for Geopolitics: Alf Håkon Hoel (UiT) and Linda S. Dahlberg (UiT) analyse the EU's role as a geopolitical power in ocean governance. With 22 maritime member states and over five million km² of European sea areas, the EU is a significant actor at sea – though its influence varies considerably by region. While the Baltic Sea is almost entirely an EU domain, EU member states are actually a minority among the coastal states of the Mediterranean. The authors also examine ongoing initiatives such as the European Ocean Pact, the EU Arctic Policy and Horizon Europe, and discuss their implications for Norway as an EEA member and a key maritime nation in the High North.

  • Europe
  • The Arctic
  • The Nordic countries
  • Oceans
  • The EU
The EU and the Geopolitics of the Oceans
  • Europe
  • The Arctic
  • The Nordic countries
  • Oceans
  • The EU
Gull, gaver og goodwill: Diplomati med silkebånd
Podcast

Gull, gaver og goodwill: Diplomati med silkebånd

Hvorfor ga Qatar en Boeing 747 til en verdi av 400 millioner dollar til Donald Trump, mens Norge gjerne bare gir en liten glassisbjørn? I denne ep...

  • Diplomacy
  • Foreign policy
  • North America
  • The Nordic countries
  • Governance
  • Diplomacy
  • Foreign policy
  • North America
  • The Nordic countries
  • Governance
Publications
Publications
Research paper

Reacting to a Geopolitical Setback: NATO expansion in Sweden and Finland through the lens of Russian Geopolitical Culture

Matthew Blackburn (NUPI) analyses Russian geopolitical culture, and points out that the discourse surrounding the NATO enlargements in the north (Sweden and Finland) has been characterised by realism and pragmatism, not only by threat deterrence and securitisation as it is often portrayed.

  • Russia and Eurasia
  • The Nordic countries
  • International organizations
  • NATO
EJIS Cover
  • Russia and Eurasia
  • The Nordic countries
  • International organizations
  • NATO
Publications
Publications
Policy brief
Hiski Haukkala, Kristi Raik

The circles of security: The role of the NB8 in (Northern) European security

Russia’s war against Ukraine has profoundly worsened Europe’s security environment, but it has also spurred deeper regional cooperation. The challenge now is to ensure that this growing number of initiatives remains purposeful, adds concrete value, and strengthens both the EU and NATO.

  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • NATO
  • Europe
  • The Nordic countries
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  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • NATO
  • Europe
  • The Nordic countries
Publications
Publications
Policy brief

Networked defense in the Indo-Pacific: Deepening security and defense relations between Australia and Japan and the role of Norway

The Indo-Pacific security architecture is developing into a more networked constellation involving a combination of overlapping bilateral, trilateral, minilateral and multilateral arrangements. Deepening defense cooperation between Japan and Australia parallels Europe and Norway’s heightened engagement and presence in the Indo-Pacific region. Norway’s engagement in the Indo-Pacific involves gaining deeper insight into a region of increasing strategic importance and the opportunity to promote its own defense industry. This research was supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence, through the project ‘Japan’s Shifting Role in Regional Defence and Global Security’.

  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • Europe
  • Asia
  • The Nordic countries
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  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • Europe
  • Asia
  • The Nordic countries
Krise og krig: Hva gjør Norge?
Podcast

Krise og krig: Hva gjør Norge?

Akkurat nå føles det som at utenrikspolitikk ikke lenger er noe som “skjer der ute”, men at det angår hver og en av oss. Valgene som tas nå, er he...

  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • NATO
  • International economics
  • Trade
  • Regional integration
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • Russia and Eurasia
  • North America
  • The Nordic countries
  • Humanitarian issues
  • Conflict
  • Human rights
  • The EU
  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • NATO
  • International economics
  • Trade
  • Regional integration
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • Russia and Eurasia
  • North America
  • The Nordic countries
  • Humanitarian issues
  • Conflict
  • Human rights
  • The EU
Articles
Analysis
Articles
Analysis

Krise og krig: Hva gjør Norge?

  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • NATO
  • International economics
  • Trade
  • Regional integration
  • Diplomacy
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • Russia and Eurasia
  • North America
  • The Nordic countries
  • Conflict
  • Human rights
  • The EU
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