Hvordan havnet Wagner i Afrika?
De lager vodka, har satt i gang en ølkrig med Frankrike, driver gruver, og lar en langhåret hipstertype i dress drive propagandamaskineriet. Men k...
Hvordan havnet Wagner i Afrika?
Gendering Security Sector Reform through Capacity Building? The MINUSMA Specialized Police Team on Crime Scene Management
En viktig del av internasjonal fredsbygging er støtte til reform av sikkerhetssektoren i konfliktrammede stater. Dette gjøres blant annet ved å tilby kapasitetsbygging gjennom innsatser i FNs fredsoperasjoner. Fra 2019 til 2022 sørget et norskledet polititeam for kapasitetsbygging innen åstedsgranskning til maliske sikkerhetsstyrker som en del av FNs fredsbevarende styrker i Mali (MINUSMA). De norske offiserene jobbet med å organisere kurs og som mentorer for de maliske offiserene. Denne artikkelen bruker eksempelet fra MINUSMA til å studere hvordan ekstern støtte til reform kan bidra til å fremme kjønnsperspektiver i sikkerhetssektoren i konfliktrammede land. FNs sikkerhetsrådsresolusjon 1325 og Kvinner, fred og sikkerhetsagendaen oppfordrer FNs medlemsland til å bidra til økt kvinneandel og integrering av kjønnsperspektiver i FNs fredsoperasjoner. Til tross for dette, settes det ikke alltid søkelys på kjønnsperspektivet når slik støtte tilbys. Analysen viser at de norske offiserene arbeidet aktivt for å fremme likestilling og kvinners deltakelse, til tross for at det ikke var en sentral del av prosjektet, og uten at det fantes referanser til resolusjon 1325 eller kvinner eller kjønnsperspektiver i prosjektdokumentet. I stedet viste offiserene til at kvinners deltakelse og likestilling er innlemmet i den «norske måten å jobbe på», samt MINUSMAs mandat som grunnlag for dette arbeidet. Feministisk forskning skiller mellom en tradisjonell og transformerende tilnærming til hvordan en arbeider med kjønn og sikkerhetssektorreform, der en tradisjonell tilnærming innebærer at man jobber innenfor eksisterende strukturer med for eksempel å øke kvinners deltakelse eller for at kvinner skal motta samme type kompetanseheving. En transformerende tilnærming vil derimot innebære at man tar en nærmere titt på disse strukturene, og at man ser på hvordan kvinners roller i sikkerhetssektoren påvirkes av samfunnsmessige, kulturelle og religiøse normer. Artikkelen finner at arbeidet hovedsakelig har lent seg på tradisjonelle forståelser av kjønn, og at mulighetene for kapasitetsbygging til å bidra til dypere endringer i sikkerhetssektoren derfor er begrenset. Funnene tyder dermed videre på at individuelle offiserer kan gjøre mye for å fremme kvinners deltakelse og kjønnsperspektiver, men mer radikal transformasjon av sikkerhetssektoren vil trolig kreve handling på mer strukturelt nivå.
How ad hoc coalitions deinstitutionalize international institutions
As ad hoc coalitions (AHCs) proliferate, particularly on the African continent, two questions crystallize. First, what consequences do they bring...
PODKAST: Hvordan utfordrer ad hoc-koalisjoner internasjonale organisasjoner?
Grand Bassa and the 50/50 tax pilot: “A brilliant idea, but…”
This research note examines the implementation of property tax in Liberia. Based on original fieldwork data, the note analyses taxpayers' perceptions of the new tax system in the light of their experiences with public services, development projects and the political system.
Bruken og virkningen av feilinformasjon og desinformasjon i FNs fredsbevarende operasjoner
A Forgotten People in An Unstable Region - The Effectiveness of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei Executive Summary
Established in June 2011, UNISFA aims to foster peace, stability, and development in the disputed Abyei region. Focused on implementing the Abyei Protocol, the mission addresses border demarcation (through the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism for the Sudan-South Sudan boundary since South Sudan’s independence in 2011) and security concerns and supports local governance through engagement with administrations. However, since 2011, UNISFA’s effectiveness in fulfilling its mandate and protecting civilians has been questioned as sporadic and spontaneous violence remains very high. While the overall security situation in Abyei has shown signs of improvement, persistent conflict dynamics stemming from intra- and inter-communal tensions, hired armed elements, and humanitarian challenges continue to set the region back. The rise of communal conflicts between new ethnicities and communities entering the “Abyei box” – often referred to as the Abyei area – has led to further tensions with the mission over its ability to protect civilians. In this Effectiveness of Peace Operations Network (EPON) study, the authors set out to explore the effectiveness of UNISFA in meeting its mandated tasks in several areas. These include: 1. Protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence; 2. Support the Joint Border Verification and Monitoring Mechanism; 3. Provide de-mining assistance, technical advice, and security; and 4. Provide aid to humanitarian personnel and oil infrastructure in the Abyei Administrative Area (AAA), respectively. The report examines how effective the mission has been in meeting its core mandate, what we can understand from the mission’s success and challenges, and how adaptive the mission has been regarding the ongoing crisis in Sudan and South Sudan and its impact on Abyei, which has strategic and broader implications for the mission. Co-authors Dr Andrew E. Yaw Tchie – Senior Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and Training for Peace Programme. Dr Fiifi Edu-Afful – Visiting Fulbright Scholar-in-Residence at the American University School of International Service and the University of Maryland Department of Government & Politics. He was formerly a Senior Research Fellow at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC). Contributing authors Christian Ulfsten – former Research Assistant with the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Ruth Adwoa Frimpong – Project Consultant with the German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ) Nigeria. EPON series editor Dr Cedric de Coning, Research Professor – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).
A Forgotten People in an Unstable Region - The Effectiveness of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
Established in June 2011, UNISFA aims to foster peace, stability, and development in the disputed Abyei region. Focused on implementing the Abyei Protocol, the mission addresses border demarcation (through the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism for the Sudan-South Sudan boundary since South Sudan’s independence in 2011) and security concerns and supports local governance through engagement with administrations. However, since 2011, UNISFA’s effectiveness in fulfilling its mandate and protecting civilians has been questioned as sporadic and spontaneous violence remains very high. While the overall security situation in Abyei has shown signs of improvement, persistent conflict dynamics stemming from intra- and inter-communal tensions, hired armed elements, and humanitarian challenges continue to set the region back. The rise of communal conflicts between new ethnicities and communities entering the “Abyei box” – often referred to as the Abyei area – has led to further tensions with the mission over its ability to protect civilians. In this Effectiveness of Peace Operations Network (EPON) study, the authors set out to explore the effectiveness of UNISFA in meeting its mandated tasks in several areas. These include: 1. Protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence; 2. Support the Joint Border Verification and Monitoring Mechanism; 3. Provide de-mining assistance, technical advice, and security; and 4. Provide aid to humanitarian personnel and oil infrastructure in the Abyei Administrative Area (AAA), respectively. The report examines how effective the mission has been in meeting its core mandate, what we can understand from the mission’s success and challenges, and how adaptive the mission has been regarding the ongoing crisis in Sudan and South Sudan and its impact on Abyei, which has strategic and broader implications for the mission. Co-authors Dr Andrew E. Yaw Tchie – Senior Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and Training for Peace Programme. Dr Fiifi Edu-Afful – Visiting Fulbright Scholar-in-Residence at the American University School of International Service and the University of Maryland Department of Government & Politics. He was formerly a Senior Research Fellow at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC). Contributing authors Christian Ulfsten – former Research Assistant with the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Ruth Adwoa Frimpong – Project Consultant with the German Corporation for International Cooperation (GIZ) Nigeria. EPON series editor Dr Cedric de Coning, Research Professor – Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI).